Why Does Static Electricity Shock You?

Static electricity arises from triboelectric charging — when two materials rub together, electrons transfer from one surface to the other. Synthetic fabrics and rubber-soled shoes on carpet are especially prone. The excess electrons create a voltage difference that can reach 20,000–25,000 volts, though the current is tiny (microamps) and harmless. When you touch a grounded conductor like a door handle, the charge equalises in a rapid discharge — the spark you feel. Dry winter air worsens static because low humidity lets charge accumulate rather than leak away through water vapour.