Where Is Cappadocia?

Cappadocia surreal landscape was sculpted over millions of years: ancient volcanic eruptions deposited thick layers of soft tuff (consolidated volcanic ash), which rain, wind, and rivers eroded into towering "fairy chimneys," pillars, and valleys. Harder basalt caps protected softer tuff beneath, creating mushroom-shaped formations. Humans took advantage of the soft rock: thousands of cave dwellings, churches, monasteries, and even entire underground cities were carved into the stone. Derinkuyu, the deepest underground city, extends 85 metres below the surface with 18 levels, and could shelter up to 20,000 people with their livestock. Early Christians used these hidden cities and cave churches (many with stunning Byzantine frescoes) during periods of persecution. Today, Cappadocia is one of Turkey most popular tourist destinations, particularly famous for its hot-air balloon rides at sunrise over the fairy chimneys.