When did the Industrial Revolution begin?

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain around 1760 and spread over the next century. It marked a shift from hand production and farming to machine-based manufacturing in factories, powered first by water and then by the steam engine improved by James Watt. New industries in textiles, iron, and later railways reshaped economies and drew millions into fast-growing cities. It dramatically raised productivity and living standards over time, but also brought harsh working conditions and pollution.