How is ammonia made in the Haber process?
Quick Answer
Ammonia is made by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure and temperature with an iron catalyst. The process is essential for making fertilizers.
The Full Story
The Haber process combines nitrogen from the air with hydrogen, usually derived from natural gas or other feedstocks, to produce ammonia. The reaction needs high pressure, high temperature, and an iron-based catalyst because nitrogen molecules are very stable. Developed in the early 1900s by Fritz Haber and industrialized by Carl Bosch, it transformed agriculture by enabling mass fertilizer production. Ammonia is also important in chemicals, refrigeration, and cleaning products. The process is one of the most important industrial achievements in chemistry.
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